范宣梅接受中新网记者专访。 唐启浩 摄
有哪些因素可能诱发震后地质灾害?
范宣梅介绍,余震与降雨是诱发震后地质灾害的主要因素。强震刚发生完,震区容易发生较强余震。在余震影响下,一些在主震中震松、震裂的山体和已经发生滑坡的地方可能还会发生二次滑坡。同样,震后强降雨,也容易导致震区发生二次滑坡或泥石流灾害。
为了预测这些可能发生的地质灾害,成都理工大学地质灾害防治与地质环境保护国家重点实验室建立了空天地一体化的“三查”体系。
“我们除了大范围搜集卫星遥感数据,还会在雨季前后,对一些重点区域加强监测。”范宣梅表示,如果“9·5”泸定地震震区在2023年发生强降雨,那么磨西沟、湾东河、海螺沟等区域将有较大概率发生泥石流灾害。成理地灾国重实验室团队正准备在几条重点流域布设监测仪器,观测降雨量、沟道里的泥位、水位以及坡体上地震诱发滑坡堆积体的稳定性。
工作中的范宣梅。 受访者供图为什么要建立地震诱发滑坡预测模型?
汶川特大地震发生后的十余年间,范宣梅团队前往“4·14”玉树地震、“4·20”芦山地震、“8·3”鲁甸地震和“8·8”九寨沟地震等地震救援第一线,搜集宝贵的影像和数据,并基于全球50余次地震诱发的40多万条灾害数据,结合最新的人工智能算法,建立了地震诱发滑坡近实时预测模型。
“汶川特大地震发生后,主要救援力量第一时间前往了汶川,而不是当时受灾最严重的映秀、北川。这是因为当时我们没有及时、全面的卫星数据去在震后第一时间获取灾情灾损信息。”范宣梅指出,地震诱发滑坡预测模型最大的用途,就是填补震后72小时救援黄金时间的信息空白,给震后应急救援提供第一手的支撑和决策信息。
地震诱发滑坡智能预测模型。 受访者供图范宣梅介绍,卫星不会固定在某一个位置拍摄地球某一个固定点位,而是不断围绕地球旋转。如果泸定地震发生时,有一颗卫星恰好正在震区上方,那么这颗卫星可能拍下受灾情况。如果不凑巧的话,那么就需要等这颗卫星下一次再转到泸定地震上方,才能拍到震区受灾影像。甚至有时候,一张好的卫星影像拿到时,距地震发生时已经过去了一个月。
“如果完全依赖卫星数据去评估震后灾情,大概率会错过最佳救援时间。”范宣梅表示,地震诱发滑坡预测模型可以基于大数据与人工智能,根据本次地震信息,快速判断哪些地方地质灾害最为集中,哪些地方房屋道路受损最严重,让救援力量第一时间前往最需要救援的位置。
工作中的范宣梅。 受访者供图中国科研人员如何撬开震后灾害的“盲盒”?
范宣梅介绍,汶川特大地震发生后,中国科研人员将卫星技术、人工智能、大数据等技术与防灾减灾相结合,最终撬开震后灾害的“盲盒”。
范宣梅透露,成理地灾国重实验室目前正进行地震灾害链相关的科研攻坚。如果震后滑坡和泥石流形成的堰塞湖-溃决洪水,可能影响到下游上百甚至上千公里的范围。目前科研人员正研究如何更好预测灾害链的发生,避免因灾害链可能造成的大规模人员伤亡。
范宣梅表示,近年来无论是中国科研人员在地灾领域的经验还是科研成果,在国际上都处于领先地位。在未来应把防灾减灾领域的中国知识、中国智慧输送到国外,以帮助更多人。(完)
中新网评:美国众议长选举“连续剧”暴露美式民主痼疾****** 中新网北京1月9日电(蒋鲤)在15轮投票表决后,美国众议院议长选举这场“连续剧”终于落下帷幕,众议院共和党领袖凯文•麦卡锡最终成功当选第55任美国众议院议长。这是美国国会过去164年来耗时最久的一次议长选举记录,将美国“对抗式民主”的弊端暴露无遗。 资料图:美国众议院共和党领袖麦卡锡。中新社记者 沙晗汀 摄由于两党对立加剧、党派内斗、利益分配不均等因素,众议长选举陷入一场拉锯战。在此次众议长竞选中,美国民主党议员继续抱团,多轮投票中,一票不投麦卡锡,共和党右翼“强硬派”领头的约20人小团体也拒绝投票麦卡锡。 麦卡锡的当选之路一波三折,除了本人的“政治投机派”角色在国会不受欢迎外,与共和党内部政治分歧关系密切。 一方面,共和党党内反对者认为,麦卡锡对民主党态度过于软弱,无力对抗民主党控制的参议院和拜登政府,另一方面,因为共和党的多数优势微弱,党内一些影响力较小的派系的政治力量则被放大,有利于他们巩固自己的选票。 此外,党内反对者也认为,自己的选票没有换取更多利益,希望以此作为筹码换取麦卡锡更大的让步,比如让他们获得众议院重要委员会中的职务。 作为仅次于美国总统、副总统的政坛三号人物,众议院议长通常由众议院多数党领袖担任,选举几乎没有悬念。然而,麦卡锡此次为当选,不得不做出多个关键让步,其中可能包括恢复一项罢黜议长动议机制,使得众议长的权力被削弱,难以掌控众议院。 美国有线电视新闻网CNN称,麦卡锡在这场不合时宜的政治勒索中作出让步,这种绥靖政策只会让极端主义势力更加强大。 这场引发全世界围观的尴尬选举暴露出美国政治存在严重的对立和分化。在权力博弈思维的裹挟下,党派利益凌驾于国家和人民利益之上,美国两党相互拆台,陷入“为反对而反对”的无脑对垒。而即便是一党内,也会因为利益分配问题产生不同的小派系,相互对抗,选票变成了谋利益的工具。 从国会山骚乱到打破记历史记录的15轮众议长选举,“对抗式民主”让美国政治陷入瓶颈,长期对抗势必会让政客们丧失客观公正的判断能力,其政治阶层是否有能力治理国家也会引发质疑。 两党之争和党派内斗进一步放大了美国政治体制弊病,美国所谓的“民主”形象,让全世界大跌眼镜。鼓吹以选民利益为先的美式选举,变成了政客们利益置换的游戏,进一步彰显出美国“民主政治”日渐失能,不断极化的党争已使美国政治制度陷入死循环。 House speaker election reveals deep-rooted problems in U.S. democracy (ECNS) -- The Republican leader Kevin McCarthy was elected as the 55th speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives after 15 ballots. As the most grueling House speaker election in the past 164 years, the election has highlighted the defects of the country’s "confrontational democracy". The election once reached a stalemate due to intense partisan strife, inner-party struggle among the Republicans, uneven distribution of interests, and more. Democratic Party members forged a close alliance, refusing to vote for McCarthy, while about 20 Republicans also declined to cast ballots for the GOP leader. Except for his unpopular role as a "political speculator" in Congress, McCarthy’s hard-won election can be attributed to turmoil within the Republican Party. On the one hand, opponents in the Republican Party believe that the GOP leader's attitude toward the Democrats is too weak to confront the Senate controlled by Democrats and the Biden administration. On the other hand, the political power of some less influential factions in the Republican Party has been amplified due to the Party’s weak majority advantage in the House of Representatives, which is conducive to consolidating their ticket warehouses. Meanwhile, these opponents believe that their votes failed to win them more benefits, hoping to use this as a bargaining chip for McCarthy's further concessions, such as getting them positions in important House Committees. As the third political figure after the President and Vice President of the U.S., the speaker, by tradition, is the head of the majority party in the House of Representatives. But McCarthy has made many concessions in order to bring the ultra conservatives along, involving what’s known as the “motion to vacate,” a mechanism by which members can force a vote to depose the speaker. The reported concessions will empower individual members at the expense of McCarthy’s sway as speaker. CNN thought the concessions he made during this unseemly political shakedown would only make the extremist faction more powerful. This embarrassing election, which has drawn global attention, exposed the serious opposition and polarization in American politics. Both Democrats and Republicans put their interests before that of the country and its people, attacking and opposing each other irrationally. Besides, different factions arise within a single party and confront each other because of the distribution of interests. Votes have become a tool to win more benefits. From Capitol riots to the House Speaker election with record-breaking ballots, "confrontational democracy" has become a bottleneck of American politics. Long-term confrontation will surely impede politicians to think objectively and fairly while their capacity of governing the country will also raise doubts among the public. Both parties’ struggle and infighting among the Republicans have further amplified the defects of the American political system, with its "democratic" image shocking the world. The U.S.-style election, which advocates putting voters' interests first, has become a game of interest exchange among politicians. In addition, it further demonstrates the malfunction of American "democratic politics" and the constantly polarized party struggle that has trapped the American political system into an infinite cycle.
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